Cryotherapeutic devices for targeted lunch neuromodulation therapies and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. A cryotherapeutic device configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology can include, for example, an elongated shaft having a distal portion and a cooling assembly positioned at the distal portions. The shaft is configured to deliver the distal portion at a target site within a bronchus of a patient. The cooling assembly includes an expandable member, an injection lumen configured to dispel a refrigerant into the expandable member, and an exhaust lumen configured to receive expanded refrigerant. The cooling assembly is configured to impart cryogenic cooling to ablate neural fibers proximate to the target site. The device can be sized to fit within a working channel of a bronchoscope such that at least a portion of the cooling assembly can be visualized during a cryotherapeutic procedure.