A polarization intelligent sensing system and a polarization intelligent sensing method are provided. The polarization intelligent sensing method includes performing the polarization imaging on the target scene to obtain the polarization image, performing the calculation on the polarization image to obtain the polarization information of the target scene, generating the image information to be restored of the target scene according to the polarization information of the target scene, and constructing the multi-dimensional target detection neural network based on the DETR, and obtaining the interpretation information of the target scene based on the image information to be restored of the target scene, the spectral information, or the intensity information through the neural networks. The system and the method are widely applied to environments of various carrying platforms, has strong environmental adaptability, and is capable of obtaining target scene information that cannot be sensed by a conventional optical sensor.