Example artificial dental calculus models are described. In one example, an in vitro artificial dental calculus includes a dental substrate and a mineralized biofilm comprising an extracellular support material and at least one bacterial species. In one example, a method for creating an in vitro dental calculus model includes applying saliva to a dental substrate in a production environment, applying a mixture of an extracellular support material and at least one bacterial species to the dental substrate, applying a solution comprising calcium and phosphate to the mixture on the dental substrate, and removing the dental substrate from the production environment after a period of time during which a mineralized biofilm comprising the extracellular support material and the at least one bacterial species forms on the dental substrate.