A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes forming a first electrode on a substrate, forming a pixel-defining layer on the first electrode, the pixel-defining layer including an opening through which at least part of the first electrode is exposed, and performing a first dry cleaning on a surface of the at least part of the first electrode that is exposed through the opening. An indium-fluorine bond is formed on the surface of the at least part of the first electrode through the first dry cleaning.