Liquid-crystalline carbamyl-containing polycondensates composed of(a) aromatic hydroxycarboxylic and/or aminocarboxylic acids in which the hydroxyl and amino groups are not vicinal to the carboxyl group,(b) from 0.1 to 20 mol % of urea,(c) aromatic dihydroxy, diamino and/or hydroxy-amino compounds in which the hydroxyl and amino groups are not vicinal,(d) a molar amount equivalent to the total amount of components b and c of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid in which the carboxyl groups are not vicinal,the preparation thereof and fibers, films and moldings prepared therefrom.