Device for the rapid attachment and release of aqualung cylinders to and from a back structure comprising: a rigid support which is connected to the cylinders by means of belts and is provided at one end with a blocking recess, and a back structure which can be connected to the stabilizer jacket and is fitted with a transverse bar which couples with the recess in the rigid support. This back structure is provided near the end opposite the transverse bar with a pin which may be coupled to a mating hole disposed near the end opposite the recess. A spring clamp cooperates with said hole so as to disengageably lock said pin whenever inserted in the said hole.