The invention provides compositions and methods for inducing MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in a mammalian host by immunization with non-replicating protein antigens. The compositions of the invention comprise a two-component complex including a particle component, which is not a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, or a micellar, multimicellar, or liposome vesicle composed of detergents and/or lipids, ranging in size from about 10 nm to about 50 &mgr;m, and a non-replicating protein antigen. The non-replicating protein antigen is attached to the particle component through a covalent or non-covalent association to form particulate protein antigen complexes and the complexes are administered to a mammalian host in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, in a CTL-stimulatory amount. The invention also provides non-replicating vaccines and methods of vaccinating a mammalian host for CTL immunity.