An artificial bone template selection system includes a template data storage system in which template data representing a plurality of templates representing a plurality of artificial bones of different shapes is stored. A bone shape measuring system measures the shape of bone to be replaced by artificial bone on the basis of bone image data representing an image including the bone to be replaced by artificial bone. A prospective template selection system selects at least one template the shape of which substantially conforms to the shape of the bone to be replaced by artificial bone as measured by the bone shape measuring system out of the plurality of templates represented by the template data.