The invention provides novel methods for selecting an optimal diet and exercise regimen for a patient based on the consideration of several factors, including low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass levels. Furthermore, the invention provides novel methods for treating a patient with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or at risk of developing CVD through selection of an optimal diet and exercise regimen, based on the measurement of risk factors, including LDL and HDL subclass levels.