A recording and reproducing apparatus includes a reproduction signal detection unit reproducing a two-dimensional pattern previously recorded on a holographic recording medium or user data recorded on the holographic recording medium, a reference pattern storage unit previously storing a reference pattern to be provided when the two-dimensional pattern is reproduced, a correction information generation unit comparing a reproduction reference pattern signal corresponding to the reproduced two-dimensional pattern with the stored reference pattern and removing fixed distortion contained in the reproduction reference pattern signal to generate correction information used for reproducing the reference pattern from the reproduction reference pattern signal, a correction information storage unit storing the correction information, and a distortion correction unit performing a correction calculation for a reproduction data signal using the correction information to generate corrected reproduction data from which the fixed distortion is removed.