A recording and reproducing apparatus for recording data to and reproducing data from a hologram recording medium is provided. The recording and reproducing apparatus includes a light emitting unit for emitting light to be directed to the recording medium set at a predetermined position, a spatial light modulation unit for performing spatial light modulation on incident light by pixels, an image sensor for receiving incident light by pixels and converting the incident light into an electrical signal, an optical system for guiding the light emitted by the light emitting unit to the recording medium via the spatial light modulation unit while guiding, to the image sensor, light reflected from the recording medium in response to the light emitted by the light emitting unit, and a determination unit for controlling the spatial light modulation unit.