A method is described in which metadata regarding a document is encoded as 2d barcode printed on the same recording medium as the document, where the metadata includes an access history of the document and other information. When a printed document including such barcode is copied, the copy includes new barcode containing updated metadata that replaces the original barcode, where the updated metadata includes a record of the current copying or scanning action. When a printed document including such barcode is scanned, the metadata contained in the barcode is extracted and stored. Also described is a document management system including a server connected to one or more clients, scanners, printers, and a storage device for storing documents and metadata. The server includes a digital stamp engine that generates barcode data representing metadata, and supports a variety of workflows including print, barcode generation, scan, copy, barcode update, etc.