A method and apparatus for setting a sample observation condition and a method and apparatus for sample observation which allow sample observation by speedily and simply finding an optimum condition while suppressing damage to the sample are provided. The setting of a sample observation condition according to the present invention is realized by an electron beam apparatus acquiring a profile at a predetermined evaluation location of a sample under a reference observation condition, by a processing section judging whether or not the above described acquired profile is located within a predetermined setting range and setting an optimum observation condition to be used for sample observation based on this judgment result. More specifically, locations where the condition can be examined are registered beforehand first and then a jump is made to the corresponding location which is irradiated with an electron beam (hereinafter referred to as “predosing”) at a low magnification, the surface of the sample is charged, enlarged to an observation magnification and secondary electron information on the target location is obtained. After that, secondary electron information is obtained at any time while performing predosing, it is successively judged from the information whether the pattern bottom part can be observed/measured or whether or not the sample is destroyed and an optimum observation condition is thereby found.