A control method based on a single-power caching mechanism. The single-power caching mechanism comprises an active coiling block, a driving motor, passive coiling blocks, and a tape coiling. The active coiling block is disposed on the driving motor. The active roiling block and the passive coiling blocks are connected through the tape coiling. The control method comprises the following steps: 1) when the driving motor needs to be shut down, detecting a rotational inertia of the active coiling block, a semidiameter of the active coiling block, a semidiameter of the passive coiling blocks, and a rotational inertia of the passive coiling blocks; and 2) controlling a breaking torque of the driving motor to be M1≦I1×r×M2/(I2×R), M2 being a torsional moment of the passive coiling blocks. Also disclosed is a control system based on a single-power caching mechanism. When the breaking torque M1 of the driving motor is controlled to be smaller than or equal to I1×r×M2/(I2×R), it can be ensured that the active coiling block and the passive coiling blocks remain a same operation state in a process of reducing the speed until they are static completely, rotational distances are equal and the tape coiling is straightened.