The present disclosure relates generally to advanced digital signal processing including digital watermarking. One claim recites an apparatus comprising: memory for storing a color video signal or color image signal comprising first data representing a first chrominance direction and second data representing a second chrominance direction; and a processor programmed for: transforming the first data representing the first chrominance direction by encoding a first digital watermark component in the first data, the encoding a first digital watermark component in the first data utilizing a first encoding gain, and transforming the second data representing the second chrominance direction by encoding a second digital watermark component in the second data, the encoding a digital watermark signal in the second data utilizing a second encoding gain, wherein the second digital watermark component comprises an inverted signal relative to the first digital watermark component. Of course, other claims and combinations are disclosed.