An aircraft-based infrared image recognition device for a ground moving target, including an infrared non-uniformity correction module, an image rotation module, an image registration module, a multi-level filtering module, a connected domain labeling module, a target detection and feature recognition module, a process control module, and a FPGA-based interconnection module. The invention uses an ASIC/SoC chip for image processing and target recognition, the DSP processor and the FPGA processor, it is possible to enable a multi-level image processing and target recognition algorithm, to improve system parallel, and to facilitate an aircraft-based infrared image recognition method for a ground moving target. Meanwhile, embodiments of the invention effectively reduce power consumption of the device.