The present invention proposes a dynamically reconfigurable multi-level parallel single instruction multiple data array processing system which has a pixel level parallel image processing element array and a row-parallel array processor. The PE array mainly implements a linear operation which is adapted to be executed in parallel in the low and middle levels of image processing and the RP array implements an operation which is adapted to execute in row-parallel in the low and middle levels of image processing or more complex nonlinear operations. In particularly, such a system can be dynamically reconfigured as an SOM neural network at a low cost of area, and the neural network supports high level of image processing such as a high speed online neural network training and image feature recognition, and completely overcomes a defect that a high level of image processing can't be done by pixel-level parallel processing array in the existing programmable vision chips and parallel vision processors, and facilitates an intelligent and portable real time on-chip vision image system with a complete function at low device cost and low power consumption.