An electro lye includes a compound of Formula I or IA: where each instance of R1 is independently H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; each instance of R2 is independently H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; each instance of R3 is independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl; each instance of R4 is independently H, halogen, CN, NO2, phosphate, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; x is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; y is 1 or 2; and z is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.