A method for comprehensively recovering rare earth elements and fluorine element in a bastnaesite treatment process. The method comprises: oxidation roasting a bastnaesite, and leaching a roasted mixture using a hydrochloric acid, adding a roasting promoter to the bastnaesite during the roasting process; and/or during the leaching process using the hydrochloric acid, adding a catalytic leaching promoter into the mixture, obtaining a rare earth chloride solution containing little cerium element and a cerium-rich residue containing the fluorine element; and separating and recovering rare earth fluorides from the cerium-rich residue.