An X-ray transmission inspection apparatus includes: an X-ray source configured to irradiate a sample with an X-ray; a detector configured to be disposed on a side opposite to the X-ray source with respect to the sample and to detect the X-ray which is transmitted through the sample using a phosphor; a shield member configured to be arranged to face a detection surface of the detector and to block a part of X-rays to partially form a shield area from the X-rays on the detection surface; and a shield moving mechanism configured to move the shield member relative to the detector to enable change of a position of the shield area.