Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for application-specific virtualized graphics processing are disclosed. A virtual compute instance is provisioned from a provider network. The provider network comprises a plurality of computing devices configured to implement a plurality of virtual compute instances with multi-tenancy. A virtual GPU is attached to the virtual compute instance. The virtual GPU is selected based at least in part on requirements of an application. The virtual GPU is implemented using a physical GPU, and the physical GPU is accessible to the virtual compute instance over a network. The application is executed using the virtual GPU on the virtual compute instance.