In a general embodiment, a method for increasing efficacy of a swallow response is provided. The method includes providing a thickened composition having a xanthan gum thickening component, and orally administering the composition to an individual having, or at risk of having, a swallowing impairment. In an embodiment, the efficacy of the swallow response is increased by reducing an amount of pharyngeal residue in the individual's piriform sinuses, valleculae, and/or pharyngeal wall during or after the individual swallows the composition.