The present invention relates to a composition, especially a cosmetic composition, comprising: at least one aqueous phase gelled with at least one hydrophilic gelling agent, said hydrophilic gelling agent being at least one nonionic associative polymer, and at least one oily phase gelled with at least one lipophilic gelling agent, said lipophilic gelling agent being at least one hydrocarbon-based block copolymer, said oily phase also comprising at least one hydrocarbon-based oil and particles of at least one polymer surface-stabilized with a stabilizer; said phases forming therein a macro scopically homogeneous mixture; and said composition also comprising at least one hydrocarbon- based resin with a number-average molecular weight of less than or equal to 10 000 g/mol; and pentylene glycol. The present invention also relates to a process for preparing the same and to cosmetic processes for making up and/or caring for a keratin material, and also to the use of a dispersion of particles of at least one polymer surface-stabilized with a stabilizer in a non-aqueous medium containing at least one hydrocarbon-based oil, for preparing a mascara composition.