A theodolite mount for an astronomical telescope and a horizontal astronomical telescope. The theodolite mount comprises a base (1), an arc-shaped rolling ring (2), and a support mechanism (3) arranged on the base (1) and used to support the arc-shaped rolling ring (2); an opening of the arc-shaped rolling ring (2) is oriented upwards, a worm gear rack (4) is fixedly provided on an outside face of the arc-shaped rolling ring (2), and the inside of the arc-shaped rolling ring (2) is used to secure and support a telescope lens (7); the support mechanism (3) comprises a first limiting mechanism and a second limiting mechanism, the first limiting mechanism being used to limit the vertical movement of the arc-shaped rolling ring (2), and the second limiting mechanism being used to limit the horizontal movement of the arc-shaped rolling ring (2); the theodolite mount further comprises a power mechanism (5) and a worm screw (6) meshed with the worm gear rack (4); the worm screw (6) moves linearly when driven by the power mechanism (5), which then causes the worm gear rack (4) and the arc-shaped rolling ring (2) to move on the support mechanism (3). The new design of the theodolite mount allows the main lens of the theodolite to be adjusted with high precision on the mount, thus reducing exposure time during the imaging process.