An electrode includes a substrate having a body and a plurality of elongate first lands projecting away from the body. Each pair of adjacent lands define a channel therebetween, where the plurality of elongate first lands defines a plurality of first channels. The substrate defines an x-y-z coordinate system, where each of the plurality of elongate first lands defines a longitudinal axis about parallel to the x-y plane. Moreover, each of the plurality of elongate first lands projects away from the body by a height in the z-direction. In addition, the electrode includes an inlet and an outlet where the plurality of first channels are configured to allow flow of fluid from the inlet to the outlet.