A method of measuring a rate of mineralization, including: positioning a seismic sensor and/or a harmonic sensor in acoustic communication with a rock formation; injecting carbon dioxide into a borehole in the rock formation; reacting the carbon dioxide with the rock formation to form mineralized carbon dioxide; measuring an acoustic activity generated in the rock formation with the seismic sensor and/or harmonic sensor during the reacting; calculating the rate of mineralization based on the acoustic activity; and adjusting a rate of carbon dioxide injection into the rock formation based on the calculated rate of mineralization.