摘要:
A method and apparatus for dehydrating bio-1-alcohols to bio-1-alkenes with high selectivity. The bio-1-alkenes are useful in preparing high flashpoint diesel and jet biofuels which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the bio-1-alkenes may be converted to biolubricants useful in the transportation sector and other areas requiring high purity/thermally stable lubricants.
摘要:
An approach that permits continuous batch conversion of alpha-olefins and internal-olefins to oligomeric materials without fouling the reaction vessel and provides a simple and highly efficient method for making very cost effective catalyst systems based on Zeigler-Natta Group 4 metallocenes. Embodiments of this invention produce diesel and turbine fuels that are 100% synthetic iso-paraffinic kerosenes with flashpoints greater than 61 deg C.
摘要:
A system, method and apparatus in the detection of a scent to locate the damage and its extent and to aid in the repair manually or self-repair. A method for detecting damage in a device including, providing at least one first microcapsule having at least two scents in a composition detectable by a machine, human, and/or animal or any combination thereof, associating the scent(s), where the scent(s) is a device, releasing the scent(s) when damage has occurred to the device, and detecting the scent(s) to alert a detector of the damage and level of the damage.
摘要:
An effective method for producing high density fuel candidates from pinenes is provided. MMT-K10 is an efficient catalyst for the reaction, although significant amounts of p-cymene and camphene produced as byproducts limit the overall yield to about 80%. Nafion is also an excellent catalyst for pinene dimerization and was capable of producing dimers in up to 90% yield. Pinene dimers synthesized with these heterogenous catalysts have a density and net heat of combustion comparable to JP-10. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of the claims.
摘要:
Current mode logic configuration circuits are shown for use with linear integrated circuit chips. The circuits employ plural collector lateral transistors to provide logic current source outputs in response to logic current inputs that are accepted by NPN transistor current mirrors acting as current sinks. Conventional logic functions are detailed and a toggle flip-flop configuration is shown being composed of the basic logic gates. Since the disclosed current mode voltage swings are small the circuit speed is relatively high at a given shunt capacitance. Die surface area is low with many transistors sharing common n-epitaxial tubs.
摘要:
A carrier current receiver employs a comparator driven differentially to square a received data signal. The same drive signal is applied to a sample and hold circuit in which a capacitor is charged to a level that is related to the data signal offset. A voltage-to-current converter responds to the capacitor charge and feeds a current to the input where it acts to correct the offset.
摘要:
An improved process and apparatus for the selective reaction of terpenes (including mono-, sesqui-, di-terpenes, and others in the terpene family), alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and related olefins to their respective dimeric product in high purity using heterogeneous acid catalyst concurrent with full utilization of energy created in the process. Embodiments of the invention carry out a unique and highly efficient dimerization of terpenes, alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and olefins using cost effective catalysts and low cost equipment that are ideally suited for commercialization of jet/turbine and diesel biofuel processes producing fuels with high flashpoints and superb cold flow properties.
摘要:
A process for making diesel and turbine fuels including, providing an effective amount of branched olefins, adding active heterogeneous acid catalyst(s) to said branched olefins to produce a solvent-free mixture, heating said solvent-free mixture greater than about 100° C. for a desired amount of time depending on various conditions, to produce C16 dimers/catalyst mixture, removing said catalysts from said dimers/catalyst mixture, and adding hydrogenation catalyst(s) to said dimers under hydrogen atmosphere to produce a mixture of stable fuels.
摘要:
A process for making diesel and turbine fuels including, providing an effective amount of branched olefins, adding active heterogeneous acid catalyst(s) to said branched olefins to produce a solvent-free mixture, heating said solvent-free mixture greater than about 100° C. for a desired amount of time depending on various conditions, to produce C16 dimers/catalyst mixture, removing said catalysts from said dimers/catalyst mixture, and adding hydrogenation catalyst(s) to said dimers under hydrogen atmosphere to produce a mixture of stable fuels.