公开(公告)号：US08268159B2

公开(公告)日：2012-09-18

申请号：US11613857

申请日：2006-12-20

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Vinod Malhotra ,  Justin Pendleton ,  Kathy Jo Reid

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Vinod Malhotra ,  Justin Pendleton ,  Kathy Jo Reid

IPC: C25B1/46 ,  C25B1/34 ,  C25B1/26 ,  C25B1/24 ,  C25B1/16 ,  C25B1/14 ,  C25C1/02

CPC classification number: C25B1/26 ,  C02F1/4674 ,  C02F2001/46138 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/46155 ,  C02F2209/02 ,  C02F2209/06 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the production of sodium hypochlorite is disclosed. The process may potentially be used to produce sodium hypochlorite from seawater or low purity un-softened or NaCl-based salt solutions. The process utilizes a sodium ion conductive ceramic membrane, such as membranes based on NASICON-type materials, in an electrolytic cell. In the process, water is reduced at a cathode to form hydroxyl ions and hydrogen gas. Chloride ions from a sodium chloride solution are oxidized in the anolyte compartment to produce chlorine gas which reacts with water to produce hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid. Sodium ions are transported from the anolyte compartment to the catholyte compartment across the sodium ion conductive ceramic membrane. Sodium hydroxide is transported from the catholyte compartment to the anolyte compartment to produce sodium hypochlorite within the anolyte compartment.

Abstract translation: 公开了用于生产次氯酸钠的电化学方法。 该方法可能潜在地用于从海水或低纯度未软化或NaCl基盐溶液中产生次氯酸钠。 该方法在电解池中使用钠离子传导性陶瓷膜，例如基于NASICON型材料的膜。 在此过程中，阴极处的水被还原形成羟基离子和氢气。 来自氯化钠溶液的氯离子在阳极电解液室中被氧化以产生与水反应产生次氯酸和盐酸的氯气。 钠离子通过钠离子导电陶瓷膜从阳极电解液室输送到阴极电解液室。 将氢氧化钠从阴极电解液室输送到阳极电解液室，以在阳极电解液室内产生次氯酸钠。

公开(公告)号：US07959784B2

公开(公告)日：2011-06-14

申请号：US11396057

申请日：2006-03-31

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Vinod K. Malhotra

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Vinod K. Malhotra

IPC: C25B3/00

CPC classification number: B01D61/44 ,  B01D69/02 ,  B01D69/04 ,  B01D71/02 ,  B01D2323/12 ,  B01D2325/26 ,  C04B35/16 ,  C04B35/447 ,  C04B2235/3201 ,  C04B2235/3224 ,  C04B2235/3225 ,  C04B2235/3244 ,  C04B2235/3418 ,  C25B3/04 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: Disclosed are processes of making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In one embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte compartment, and the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium under the influence of current. In preferred embodiments, the process is cost-effective and not environmentally harmful.

Abstract translation: 公开了使用电解方法在其相应的醇中制备金属醇化物的溶液的方法。 在一个实施方案中，甲醇钠在甲醇中由甲醇和氢氧化钠溶液制成。 将氢氧化钠溶液置于阳极电解液室中，将甲醇置于阴极电解液室中，两个隔室由在电流影响下选择性输送钠的陶瓷膜隔开。 在优选的实施方案中，该方法是成本有效的并且不是环境有害的。

公开(公告)号：US20110042238A1

公开(公告)日：2011-02-24

申请号：US12706125

申请日：2010-02-16

Applicant: Sai Bhavaraju ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendelton ,  Peter Wall

Inventor： Sai Bhavaraju ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendelton ,  Peter Wall

IPC: G01N27/26

CPC classification number: G01N27/49

Abstract: A sodium sensor to measure a concentration of sodium methylate in methanol. The sensor assembly includes a solid alkali ion conducting membrane, a reference electrode, and a measurement electrode. The solid alkali ion conducting membrane transports ions between two alkali-containing solutions, including an aqueous solution and a non-aqueous solution. The reference electrode is at least partially within an alkali halide solution of a known alkali concentration on a first side of the solid alkali ion conducting membrane. The measurement electrode is on a second side of the solid alkali ion conducting membrane. The measurement electrode exhibits a measurable electrical characteristic corresponding to a measured alkali concentration within the non-aqueous solution, to which the measurement electrode is exposed.

Abstract translation: 用于测量甲醇钠甲醇浓度的钠传感器。 传感器组件包括固体碱离子传导膜，参比电极和测量电极。 固体碱离子导电膜在两种含碱溶液之间输送离子，包括水溶液和非水溶液。 参考电极至少部分地在固体碱离子传导膜的第一侧上已知碱浓度的碱金属卤化物溶液中。 测量电极位于固体碱离子传导膜的第二侧。 测量电极显示对应于测量电极暴露于其中的非水溶液内测量的碱浓度的可测量的电特性。

公开(公告)号：US20100044241A1

公开(公告)日：2010-02-25

申请号：US12547334

申请日：2009-08-25

Applicant: Justin Pendleton ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Ashok V. Joshi

Inventor： Justin Pendleton ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Ashok V. Joshi

IPC: C25B1/26 ,  C25B9/00

CPC classification number: C25B1/46 ,  C25B9/08 ,  C25B15/02

Abstract: An electrochemical method for the production of a chlorine-based oxidant product, such as sodium hypochlorite, is disclosed. The method may potentially be used to produce sodium hypochlorite from sea water or low purity un-softened or NaCl-based salt solutions. The method utilizes alkali cation-conductive ceramic membranes, such as membranes based on NaSICON-type materials, and organic polymer membranes in electrochemical cells to produce sodium hypochlorite. Generally, the electrochemical cell includes three compartments and the first compartment contains an anolyte having a basic pH.

Abstract translation: 公开了用于生产氯基氧化剂产物如次氯酸钠的电化学方法。 该方法可能潜在地用于从海水或低纯度未软化或NaCl基盐溶液中产生次氯酸钠。 该方法利用碱性阳离子导电陶瓷膜，例如基于NaSICON型材料的膜和电化学电池中的有机聚合物膜来产生次氯酸钠。 通常，电化学电池包括三个隔室，第一隔室包含具有碱性pH的阳极电解液。

公开(公告)号：US20080268327A1

公开(公告)日：2008-10-30

申请号：US11871824

申请日：2007-10-12

Applicant: John Howard Gordon ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju ,  John Joseph Watkins

Inventor： John Howard Gordon ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju ,  John Joseph Watkins

IPC: H01M6/24 ,  H01M4/40

CPC classification number: H01M12/06 ,  H01M2/1646 ,  H01M2/1673 ,  H01M2/18 ,  H01M4/40 ,  H01M12/02 ,  H01M12/08 ,  H01M2300/0002 ,  H01M2300/0017 ,  H01M2300/0068 ,  H01M2300/0094 ,  Y02E60/128

Abstract: A metal-air battery is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including a cathode to reduce oxygen molecules and an alkali-metal-containing anode to oxidize the alkali metal (e.g., Li, Na, and K) contained therein to produce alkali-metal ions. An aqueous catholyte is placed in ionic communication with the cathode to store reaction products generated by reacting the alkali-metal ions with the oxygen containing anions. These reaction products are stored as solutes dissolved in the aqueous catholyte. An ion-selective membrane is interposed between the alkali-metal containing anode and the aqueous catholyte. The ion-selective membrane is designed to be conductive to the alkali-metal ions while being impermeable to the aqueous catholyte.

Abstract translation: 在本发明的一个实施方案中公开了一种金属 - 空气电池，包括用于还原氧分子的阴极和含碱金属的阳极以氧化其中所含的碱金属（例如，Li，Na和K） 金属离子。 将阴极电解液与阴极离子连通地放置以存储通过使碱金属离子与含氧阴离子反应产生的反应产物。 这些反应产物以溶解在水性阴极电解液中的溶质储存。 在含碱金属阳极和含水阴极电解液之间插入离子选择性膜。 离子选择性膜被设计为对碱金属离子导电，而对于阴极电解液是不可渗透的。

公开(公告)号：US20080264778A1

公开(公告)日：2008-10-30

申请号：US12172954

申请日：2008-07-14

Applicant: Ashok V. Joshi ,  Shekar Balagopal

Inventor： Ashok V. Joshi ,  Shekar Balagopal

IPC: C25B15/00

CPC classification number: C02F1/4674 ,  A61L2/035 ,  A61L2/18 ,  C02F2001/46138 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/46155 ,  C02F2209/02 ,  C02F2209/06 ,  C25B1/26 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: Electrochemical apparatus and processes for the point-of-use production of cleansing, sanitizing, and antimicrobial agents, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The processes may be used to produce NaOCl from seawater, low purity un-softened or NaCl-based salt solutions. HOCl may be produced from HCl solutions and water. NaOCl is produced using a sodium ion conductive ceramic membrane, such as membranes based on NASICON-type materials, in an electrolytic cell. HOCl is produced using an anion conductive membrane in an electrolytic cell. The cleansing, sanitizing, and antimicrobial agent may be generated on demand and used in household, industrial, and water treatment applications.

Abstract translation: 用于清洁，消毒和抗菌剂如次氯酸钠（NaOCl）或次氯酸（HOCl）的使用点生产的电化学装置和方法。 该方法可用于从海水，低纯度未软化或NaCl基盐溶液中生产NaOCl。 HOCl可以由HCl溶液和水生产。 在电解池中使用钠离子传导性陶瓷膜（例如基于NASICON型材料的膜）制造NaOCl。 在电解槽中使用阴离子导电膜制造HOCl。 清洁，消毒和抗微生物剂可以根据需要生成并用于家庭，工业和水处理应用中。

公开(公告)号：US08506790B2

公开(公告)日：2013-08-13

申请号：US13079692

申请日：2011-04-04

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Vigod Matheda

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Vigod Matheda

IPC: C25B3/12

CPC classification number: B01D61/44 ,  B01D69/02 ,  B01D69/04 ,  B01D71/02 ,  B01D2323/12 ,  B01D2325/26 ,  C04B35/16 ,  C04B35/447 ,  C04B2235/3201 ,  C04B2235/3224 ,  C04B2235/3225 ,  C04B2235/3244 ,  C04B2235/3418 ,  C25B3/04 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: Disclosed are electrolytic cells for making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In one embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte compartment, and the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium under the influence of current. In preferred embodiments, the process is cost-effective and not environmentally harmful.

Abstract translation: 公开了使用电解方法在其相应的醇中制备金属醇化物溶液的电解槽。 在一个实施方案中，甲醇钠在甲醇中由甲醇和氢氧化钠溶液制成。 将氢氧化钠溶液置于阳极电解液室中，将甲醇置于阴极电解液室中，两个隔室由在电流影响下选择性输送钠的陶瓷膜隔开。 在优选的实施方案中，该方法是成本有效的并且不是环境有害的。

公开(公告)号：US20120043219A1

公开(公告)日：2012-02-23

申请号：US13286908

申请日：2011-11-01

Applicant: Joseph J. Hartvigsen ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  S. Elangovan ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  John Howard Gordon ,  Michele Hollist

Inventor： Joseph J. Hartvigsen ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  S. Elangovan ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  John Howard Gordon ,  Michele Hollist

IPC: C25B1/04

CPC classification number: C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/00 ,  C25B1/04 ,  C25B9/206 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02E60/364 ,  Y02E60/366

Abstract: A process is provided for synthesizing synthesis gas from carbon dioxide obtained from atmospheric air or other available carbon dioxide source and water using a sodium-conducting electrochemical cell. Synthesis gas is also produced by the coelectrolysis of carbon dioxide and steam in a solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolytic cell. The synthesis gas produced may then be further processed and eventually converted into a liquid fuel suitable for transportation or other applications.

Abstract translation: 提供了一种使用导电电化学电池从大气或其它有用的二氧化碳源和水中获得的二氧化碳合成合成气的方法。 合成气也通过在固体氧化物燃料电池或固体氧化物电解池中的二氧化碳和蒸汽的共电解产生。 然后可以进一步处理产生的合成气并最终转化为适合于运输或其他应用的液体燃料。

公开(公告)号：US07820339B2

公开(公告)日：2010-10-26

申请号：US11837032

申请日：2007-08-10

Applicant: John Howard Gordon ,  Hachiya Toshinori ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju

Inventor： John Howard Gordon ,  Hachiya Toshinori ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju

IPC: H01M4/08 ,  H01M4/90

CPC classification number: C25B11/0463 ,  C23C18/1216 ,  C23C18/1254 ,  C23C18/127 ,  C23C18/1275 ,  H01M4/8875 ,  H01M4/9016 ,  H01M4/96 ,  H01M8/08 ,  Y10S502/525 ,  Y10S516/901

Abstract: An improved gas diffusion electrode composed of a perovskite-type oxide dispersed in a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic binder polymer. An improved catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising a perovskite-type compound having alpha and beta sites, and having a greater molar ratio of cations at the beta site. A particularly good reduction catalyst is a neodymium calcium manganite. An improved method of dispersing the catalysts with carbon in a reaction layer of the electrode improves performance of the electrode and the oxygen reduction process. This is provided by adding carbon black to an aqueous solution of metal salts before it is heated to a gel and then to a char and then calcined. Optionally, a quantity of the desired oxide catalyst can be premixed with a portion the carbon before adding the carbon to an aqueous solution of the metal salts to be heated. The amount of premixed metal oxide is chosen in conjunction with the amount of metal salts to provide the desired molar ratio after heating and calcining of the aqueous solution.

Abstract translation: 改进的气体扩散电极，其由分散在炭黑和疏水性粘合剂聚合物的混合物中的钙钛矿型氧化物组成。 用于电化学还原氧的改进的催化剂包括具有α和β位点的钙钛矿型化合物，并且在β位具有更大的阳离子摩尔比。 特别好的还原催化剂是钕钙锰矿。 将电催化剂用碳分散在电极的反应层中的改进方法提高了电极的性能和氧还原过程。 这是通过在金属盐的水溶液加热至凝胶然后加入炭然后煅烧之前将炭黑加入到水溶液中而提供的。 任选地，一定量的所需氧化物催化剂可以在将碳添加到待加热的金属盐的水溶液中之前与碳的一部分预混合。 联合金属盐的量选择预混合金属氧化物的量，以便在加热和煅烧水溶液之后提供所需的摩尔比。

公开(公告)号：US07666812B2

公开(公告)日：2010-02-23

申请号：US11837008

申请日：2007-08-10

Applicant: John Howard Gordon ,  Hachiya Toshinori ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju

Inventor： John Howard Gordon ,  Hachiya Toshinori ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju

IPC: B01J21/18 ,  B01J27/06 ,  B01J23/00 ,  B01J23/02 ,  B01J23/06 ,  B01J23/40 ,  B01J23/74 ,  C01G1/06 ,  C01G1/08 ,  C09K3/00

CPC classification number: C25B11/0463 ,  C23C18/1216 ,  C23C18/1254 ,  C23C18/127 ,  C23C18/1275 ,  H01M4/8875 ,  H01M4/9016 ,  H01M4/96 ,  H01M8/08 ,  Y10S502/525 ,  Y10S516/901

Abstract: An improved gas diffusion electrode composed of a perovskite-type oxide dispersed in a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic binder polymer. An improved catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising a perovskite-type compound having alpha and beta sites, and having a greater molar ratio of cations at the beta site. A particularly good reduction catalyst is a neodymium calcium manganite. An improved method of dispersing the catalysts with carbon in a reaction layer of the electrode improves performance of the electrode and the oxygen reduction process. This is provided by adding carbon black to an aqueous solution of metal salts before it is heated to a gel and then to a char and then calcined. Optionally, a quantity of the desired oxide catalyst can be premixed with a portion the carbon before adding the carbon to an aqueous solution of the metal salts to be heated. The amount of premixed metal oxide is chosen in conjunction with the amount of metal salts to provide the desired molar ratio after heating and calcining of the aqueous solution.

Abstract translation: 改进的气体扩散电极，其由分散在炭黑和疏水性粘合剂聚合物的混合物中的钙钛矿型氧化物组成。 用于电化学还原氧的改进的催化剂包括具有α和β位点的钙钛矿型化合物，并且在β位具有更大的阳离子摩尔比。 特别好的还原催化剂是钕钙锰矿。 将电催化剂用碳分散在电极的反应层中的改进方法提高了电极的性能和氧还原过程。 这是通过在金属盐的水溶液加热至凝胶然后加入炭然后煅烧之前将炭黑加入到水溶液中而提供的。 任选地，一定量的所需氧化物催化剂可以在将碳添加到待加热的金属盐的水溶液中之前与碳的一部分预混合。 联合金属盐的量选择预混合金属氧化物的量，以便在加热和煅烧水溶液之后提供所需的摩尔比。