The invention relates to a ship adopting sea surface micro structure measuring device, which comprises an underwater optical device consisting of a light source and a measuring coder, and an information transmission and treating system consisting of a CCD camera and a computer. The invention is characterized in that the ship adopting sea surface micro structure measuring device further comprises a lifting device which is connected with the underwater optical device; the guide rail of the lifting device is welded and tightly leaned on a guide rail rack; a motor arranged at the upper part of the guide rail rack pulls lifting chains arranged at the two ends of the guide rail rack; the guide rail rack is connected with a base through two parallel blocking rings; the base is vertically fixed on the ship board. The measuring coder comprises glass windows arranged at the two ends of the drawtube; a Fresnel lens is close to the lower part of the glass window at the upper end; a color coding sheet is tightly leaned on the glass window at the lower end; the Fresnel lens, the color coding sheet and the Fresnel lens are on a same optical shaft. The invention is suitable for the ship voyage and operation, thereby monitoring the big size sea surface gradient field in real time with a space resolution of 0.5mm and a slope measuring precision reaching up to 0 degree or 2 degrees.