The invention relates to an operation scheduling system which is applicable to the grid environment and based on the reliability cost; as indicated in graph 1, the whole system includes three layers: the first layer is an operation submission interface module 1; the second layer is an operation scheduling module 2 and the grid resource platform 7 as the substrate layer. From the perspective of the operational principle, the core of the invention is the operation scheduling module in the second layer, which includes a pre-scheduling module 3, a scheduling strategy module 4, an operation finish time prediction module 5 and a resource information module 6. The operation scheduling system in the invention proposes an operation running time prediction model and a resource usability prediction model; the operation running time prediction model based on the mathematical model and the resource usability prediction model based on the Markov model have high accuracy and high generality. The operation scheduling system adopts the copy fault-tolerance strategy, the primary copy asynchronous operation fault-tolerance strategy and the retry fault-tolerance respectively according to different operation service quality requirements and resource characteristics so that the operation scheduling system has high flexibility and high validity; meanwhile, the operation scheduling system supports the computation-intensive operation and the data-intensive operation to have good generality. Compared with the scheduling system in the prior art, the operation scheduling system has the advantages of supporting more concurrent users, improving the resource utilization rate, good generality, good extensibility and high system throughput.