The present invention relates to a quick load test method for bridge carrying capacity, and aims to provide a quick and accurate bridge carrying capacity evaluating method. The method comprises the following steps: performing a bridge quasi-static load test; establishing an initial finite element model; correcting the model by a control measuring point strain influence line obtained through actual measurement of the quasi-static load test; respectively distributing loads on the model before and after the correction according to the load test requirement, and calculating to obtain control measuring point flexivity values f before the correction and f after the correction; and defining that eta'=1.1*f after the correction/f before the correction, obtaining a check-calculation coefficient Z2 of a structure according to the efficiency coefficient eta', and performing check calculation on the structure through Z2.