The invention relates to a bismaleimide containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole structure and a preparation method thereof. In the structural formula of bismaleimide, substituents of R1 to R4 can be hydrogen atom, halogen atom, or same or different fat alkane of C1 to C20 and derivatives thereof, or same of different aromatic of C6 to C12 and derivatives thereof. The bismaleimide with a 1,3,4-oxadiazole structure is prepared by reacting diamine with a 1,3,4-oxadiazole structure with maleic anhydride to produce bismaleamic and performing imide cyclization reaction under the action of catalyst and dehydrating agent. The bismaleimide containing the1,3,4-oxadiazole structure has an asymmetric structure; and two reactive groups have different reaction activities in different chemical environments and can successively react at different curing temperatures. In addition, the cured product of the bismaleimide with a 1,3,4-oxadiazole structure has excellent heat resistance and is suitable for being usedas a high-performance polymer composite matrix.