The invention relates to a high-resolution multi-channel seismic exploration data transmission system at shallow layers of deepwater, which comprises a host, a quality control machine, a data exchange board, a primary digital packet, a secondary digital packet, a tail-end digital packet, a corresponding downlink command channel and a corresponding uplink data channel. The transmission system is characterized in that a repeater is arranged between the primary digital packet and the host; each digital packet the distance from which to the host is less than 150m transmits data to the data exchange board through LVDS, and then transmits the data to the host through a CPCI bus; and each digital packet the distance from which to the host is more than 150m transmits data to the repeater to finish data relaying, then transmits the data to the data exchange board through an LRH-PHY5802 bus, and finally transmits the data to the host through the CPCI bus. The data transmission system solves the problems that the transmission system is unstable and unreliable and can not work for long time during the data acquisition, transmission and pretreatment process in case of multiple channels and unequal distance.