The present invention relates to a three-dimensional secondary battery cell comprising an electrolyte, a cathode, an anode, and an auxiliary electrode, wherein at least one of the electrodes is non-planar. In the three-dimensional secondary battery cell, the anode is electrolytically coupled to the cathode, the auxiliary electrode is electrically coupled and electrolytically coupled to the cathode and/or to the anode, and the average distance between the auxiliary electrode and the coupled cathode or the coupled anode is about 10-1000 microns, preferably 20-500 microns, more preferably 100-500 microns.