The invention discloses a ship block assembly quick alignment device and a ship block assembly quick alignment method, can be used for adjusting ship block positions and postures in states such as shipway block assembly, general block assembly, shipway assembly and the like, and belongs to the technical field of ship block assembly devices. Aiming at the characteristics of large scale, large tonnage, complicated appearance, low possibility of being moved and accurately aligned and the like of the shipway block assembly, the ship block assembly quick alignment device is designed and developed, and can realize six degree-of-freedom axial shifting and rotating motion of the ship blocks on a universal adjustable platform. The automatic alignment system with accurate alignment function can quickly free cranes, save manpower, improve the quality and efficiency of block folding, and facilitate improving ship building accuracy and shortening construction period.