The invention discloses a wireless detection system and method of building structure relative storey displacement under a vibration environment. The wireless detection system mainly comprises a plurality of wireless sensor nodes and a data processing terminal. By means of the characteristics of low cost, self organization and low power consumption of the wireless sensor network technology, the wireless detection system of the building structure relative storey displacement under the action of a dynamic load of an extreme environment is constructed, and actual zero line layout is made in functions. The wireless detection system works all weather for a long time. By using common works of an angular-rate sensor and an acceleration device, the isotonicity of measuring displacement data is ensured and required relative storey displacement reaction is obtained.