The invention provides a method for optimizing arrangement and distribution of multi-target emergency rescue resources and relates to the field of emergency rescue resource distribution decision. The method comprises the following steps that: obtaining related information, such as emergency rescue resource requiring places within a planned area, required resource variety, required scale, estimated survival rate of affected people in the requiring places under various disaster conditions, disaster probability, spare resource place positions, and the like; establishing a multi-target emergency rescue resource address-scale optimizing model according to the obtained related information, and solving the model by adopting a unit cost utility method; establishing a multi-goods emergency rescue resource combined dynamic distribution optimizing model according to the obtained related information, and solving the model by adopting an algorithm combined with an ideal point method and a unit cost method; and outputting an optimal scheme for the arrangement and distribution of the emergency rescue resources. According to the method, a practical reference scheme for the arrangement and distribution of the emergency rescue resources can be supplied to an emergency decider.