The invention provides a modularized variable heat capacity self-matched multi-temperature system, comprising an energy source output unit module (1), a heat storage groove unit module (2), a cold storage groove unit module (3), a heat environment heat exchanger unit module (4) and a cold environment heat exchanger unit module (5), wherein all the functional modules are connected with a valve combination through pipelines. The system can carry out modularized required assembling on all assemblies and can carry out variable heat capacity control on the system, so that a required rapid or stable change of a system temperature is realized and the working condition of a compressor is effectively controlled; and therefore, the compressor can work under the best performance work condition all the time, a cold and heat self-matched and self-adapted control adjusting function of the system is realized, the required adjustment and control of the system temperature is realized and a multi-temperature effect is realized. The modularized variable heat capacity self-matched multi-temperature system is suitable for the technical field of cold and heat combined supply.