The invention relates to a biological two-stage aeration filter pool and a water distribution and air distribution method of a pool body. In the biological two-stage aeration filter pool, biological aeration filter pools in two stages totally comprise 8 pool bodies; and each stage comprises four pool bodies; the first-stage pool bodies and the second-stage pool bodies are arranged in the form of steps; the building structures are in the form of two parallel rows; in each row, two first-stage pool bodies and two second-stage pool bodies are arranged; a sealed public pipe rack is arranged in the middle; and water distribution, air distribution, backwash water distribution and backwash air distribution pipelines are laid in the pipe rack, so as to respectively provide inlet water, inlet air, backwash inlet water and backwash inlet air to each pool; and according to the invention, the number of the pool bodies is reduced, the air distribution position of the biological two-stage aeration filter pool is improved, and carbonizing, nitrating and denitrifying functions are effectively finished in the same pool body.