The invention provides a method for recovering rhodium from rhodium-containing waste catalyst in hydroformylation through sulfur. The method is characterized in that elemental sulfur is used for processing a rhodium-containing waste catalyst solution which is not concentrated, about 90% rhodium in the rhodium-containing waste catalyst solution is recovered in a polysulfide rhodium precipitation form, the remaining rhodium solution containing about 10% rhodium is concentrated and processed to obtain rhodium slag, the rhodium slag is burned in an electric furnace so as to enable most of rhodium in the rhodium-containing waste catalyst solution to be precipitated, and finally rhodium metal obtained in the two steps through processing is combined and processed to be made into a raw material hydrate rhodium chloride for preparing a rhodium phosphine complex catalyst.