The invention discloses a cement-based material early-stage elasticity modulus measuring device. The method comprises that the blended cement-based material to be measured is filled and packaged in a equal-section straight hollow pipe; the hollow pipe is fixed horizontally through one end of the hollow pipe, and a combined cantilever beam composed of the cement-based material to be measured and the hollow pipe; the natural vibration frequency of the combined cantilever beam can be monitored continuously through a vibration sensor which is arranged at a free end of the combined cantilever beam; and finally, the elasticity modulus of the cement-based material to be measured is calculated when the age is t according to the natural vibration frequency. The invention also discloses a cement-based material early-stage elasticity modulus measuring method. The method comprises an equal-section straight hollow pipe, a fixing device and a vibration measuring device. The process that the cement-based material early-stage elasticity modulus changes along with the age under different curing temperatures can be detected continuously without demolding after the cement-based material enters into a mold, the structure is simple, and the cost is low.