The present invention provides a coal tar treatment method, which comprises: carrying out mixing heating on coal tar and a sodium carbonate solution, and conveying the obtained mixed solution to a first section evaporator to carry out dehydration, such that the tar component is discharged from the bottom; conveying the tar component into a second section evaporator to carry out distillation, such that a light fraction with a boiling point of lower than 300 DEG C is discharged from the top, and a heavy fraction containing anthracene oil and asphalt is discharged from the bottom; conveying the light fraction with a boiling point of lower than 300 DEG C into a light fraction tower to carry out rectification, wherein a light oil fraction is recovered from the top of the tower, a phenol oil fraction is recovered from the side stream, and a two oil mixing fraction is recovered from the bottom of the tower; conveying the two oil mixing fraction into a two oil mixing tower to carry out rectification, wherein a naphthalene oil fraction is recovered from the top of the tower, and a wash oil fraction is recovered from the bottom of the tower; conveying the heavy fraction containing anthracene oil and asphalt into a heavy fraction tower to carry out rectification, wherein an anthracene oil fraction is recovered from the top of the tower, and an asphalt fraction is recovered from the bottom of the tower; and conveying the anthracene oil fraction into an anthracene oil tower to carry out rectification, wherein an anthracene oil fraction 1 is recovered from the top of the tower, and an anthracene oil fraction 2 is recovered from the bottom of the tower. With the treatment method, energy source consumption is low, and a key component concentration degree is high.