A photovoltaic cell is provided that enables cost reduction and stable operation with a simple configuration and enhances conversion efficiency by a new technology of forming an energy level in a band gap. In the photovoltaic cell, a substrate, a conductive first electrode, an electromotive force layer for forming an energy level in a band gap by photoexcited structural change of an n-type metal oxide semiconductor coated by an insulating substance and capturing an electron, a p-type semiconductor layer, and a conductive second electrode are laminated. Electromotive force is generated by photoexciting the electron in the band gap of the electromotive force layer by light irradiation. The electromotive force layer is filled with an n-type metal oxide semiconductor of fine particles coated by an insulating coat. By photoexcited structural change caused by ultraviolet irradiation, a new energy level is formed in a band gap. By providing a layer of an n-type metal oxide semiconductor between the first electrode and the electromotive force layer, efficient and stable operation can be performed.