A detecting and automatic winding and unwinding device for an electric drive engineering vehicle cable and belongs to the technical field of electric drive engineering vehicle cable winding and unwinding. The detecting and automatic winding and unwinding device is characterized in that an inverted 'T'-shaped support is fixedly mounted on the electric drive engineering vehicle, a cable winding reel is mounted at the top end of the support, and a detecting and automatic winding and unwinding device is mounted at the cantilever end of the support. The automatic winding and unwinding device is characterized in that an upper roll, a lower roll, a left roll and a right roll are mounted on a frame, a guide hole is formed in the middle, photoelectric emission sensors are mounted on the left inner side of the frame from top to bottom, and photoelectric receiving sensors are mounted on the right inner side of the frame from top to bottom. The cable penetrates the guide hole, winding and unwinding of the cable can be controlled at different speed by detecting the position of the cable in the guide hole, automatic cable winding and unwinding is well achieved according to acceleration and deceleration of an electric drive engineering vehicle, and timeliness and smoothness of cable winding and unwinding are guaranteed.