The invention provides a process and devices for chemical modification of cellulose and for continuous low temperature solution spinning. The process for the chemical modification of the cellulose and for the continuous low temperature solution spinning comprises: after vacuum drying the cellulose, uniformly mixing the dried cellulose with an ionic liquid and modified small molecules in a certain proportion to obtain a mixture, extruding the obtained mixture by a double-screw extruder, and washing the extruded product successively by water and ethanol solvent, drying, crushing to obtain a modified cellulose powder; adding the modified cellulose powder and a solvent in a certain proportion to a mixing kettle, after stirring and mixing uniformly at the room temperature, carrying out extrusion, deaeration, and filtration by using the double-screw extruder, then putting into a spinning assembly, spaying out of a spinneret of the spinning assembly to obtain fibers, putting the obtained fibers successively into a first coagulation bath and a second coagulation bath to rapidly solidify and stretch into solids, after water washing in a water tank, and winding into modified cellulose fibers. The process and the devices can substantially enhance the spinning efficiency, and improve the cellulose fiber performance.