The invention discloses a wavefront correction method based on multi-field wavefront detection and full-field optimization. Wavefront information of a plurality of fields of an optical system is precisely detected through a multi-field wavefront detector, and is comprehensively calculated through a wavefront controller to work out the optimum control signal and achieve the optimum correction of the wavefront aberration of the optical system. The wavefront correction method can carry out balancing and optimum searching on all field wavefront aberration optimum corrections of a large-field optical system, achieves the good correction of full-field wavefront aberration of the large-field optical system, can obviously improve wavefront correction performance of a self-adaptive optical system, and has the advantages of being large in correction field and capable of achieving full-field optical correction.