The invention discloses a PID hydraulic turbine governor parameter optimization method based on multi-working-condition time domain response. The method includes the following steps that (1) a hydraulic turbine regulating system model is built, wherein the hydraulic turbine regulating system model particularly comprises a PID hydraulic turbine governor model, a hydraulic turbine-water diversion pipeline model and a generator model; (2) parameters of the hydraulic turbine regulating system model are obtained in a field test and parameter recognition mode; (3) a comprehensive fitness function based on multi-working-condition time domain response is designed, and the optimization objectives of finding out an optimum PID control parameter and enabling a comprehensive fitness function value to be minimum are determined; (4) the optimal PIC control parameter is obtained through an intelligent optimization algorithm. The control parameters obtained through the method enable a system to keep satisfying dynamic characteristics under different working conditions, and robustness of the system is enhanced.