The invention proposes a coal mining method for upstream layered mining of a super-thick/extreme-thick coal seam, and belongs to the field of coal mining. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, reasonably dividing the super-thick/extreme-thick coal seam, and then respectively mining and filling a lower slice working surface and analyzing the filling effect and roof migration; and finally, gradually mining each sub-layer upwards until filling and mining of all sub-layers are finished. The method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of being low in deflection, high in resource utilization rate, small in effect on surface configuration and the like, meanwhile, the menace of disasters such as spontaneous combustion, gas emission and the like of the coal seam can be effectively controlled; the method has important guiding significance on efficient mining of the super-thick/extreme-thick coal seam of 'three under' or requiring ground protection; and sustainable development and green mining of the mine are achieved.