The invention discloses a labeling system for a biological medical treatment image on the basis of LDA. The system comprises an LDA training module, a subject term extraction module, a subject term refining module, a context sentence indexing module, a context generating module and a label generating module. The LDA training module trains an LDA model, the subject term extraction module carries out LDA modeling on captions of the image and extracts subject terms, the subject term refining module optimizes subject term sets, the context sentence indexing module indexes sentence sets related to the subject terms, the context generating module selects the closest sentences to form the context of the image, and the label generating module carries out modeling on the context of the image, and preceding few words are selected as label terms of the biological medical treatment image through calculation. The invention also discloses a labeling method for the biological medical treatment image on the basis of the LDA. According to the labeling system and method for the biological medical treatment image on the basis of the LDA, multiple label terms can be generated at one time, accuracy is high, related images are searched by using keyword indexes conveniently and quickly, and the habits of people for text retrieval are met better.