The invention discloses a detection device and processing method of a high-speed motor rotor position. The method comprises the following steps: reading a most recently received rotor position signal; analyzing an angular value Theta fd from the rotor position signal; determining the compensated angle Theta cmd according to the following formula: Theta cmd= Theta fd+Omega Gamma*N*Tcnt, wherein Omega Gamma is an angular velocity determined according to the angular value obtained by analyzing previous two rotor position signals; Omega Gamma=(Theta cmd1-Theta cmd2)/t, wherein t is time interval between Theta cmd1 and Theta cmd2; N*Tcnt is time interval between the reading and the most recently receiving; N is a time delay count value, and Tcnt is the period of a time delay count pulse. According to the device and method disclosed by the invention, the interference resistance of the signal in the transmission process is improved, the signal transmission distance is increased, and the detection precision of the rotor angle is improved.